TUGAS 4 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS #2
Relative Clauses and Relative
pronoun and theoris about adjective clauses
A relative clause is a phrase that
modifies a noun or pronoun. It is also a dependent or subordinate clause,
meaning that it cannot stand on its own as a sentence. This handout explains
the rules for using relative clauses and provides examples of correct use of
relative clauses.Positioning the Relative Clause Put the relative clause
directly behind the noun it modifies.
Original
The theory will be implemented that is most supportive of my work for the final
project.
Revised The theory that is most supportive of my work will be implemented for
the final project.- First, it will contain a subject and verb.
- Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or arelative adverb [when, where, or why].
- Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many?or Which one?
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
Defining and Non-defining
A defining
relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:
A non-defining
relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don’t need
this information to understand the sentence.
Punctuate a relative clause correctly.
Punctuating relative clauses can be
tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the relative clause is
essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
The children who skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening.
Children is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we
must have the information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is
essential and requires no commas.
Matthew and his sister Loretta, who skateboard in the street, are especially noisy in the early evening.
Defining relative clauses:
1: The
relative pronoun is the subject:
More examples (clause after the
subject of the sentence):
Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject
here
(clause after the subject)
Non-defining relative clauses:
We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining
relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing,
and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this
kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause.
(clause comes after the object)
Prepositions and relative clauses
If the verb in the relative clause
needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
The music is good. Julie listens to
the music.
My brother met a woman. I used to
work with the woman.
The country is very hot. He went to
the country.
I visited the city. John comes from
the city.
The job is well paid. She applied
for the job.
Whose
‘Whose’ is always the subject of the
relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used
for people and things.
Where / when / why
We can sometimes use these question words instead of
relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
task
1. 1 talked tobthe woman who was sitting next to me
2. I have class which begins at 8.00 am
3. the man called the police. this car was stolen
the man whose car was stolen called the police
4. The bilding whre he lives is very old
5. the woman whom I saw was mr silvy
There are two basic types of adjective clauses.
"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
example :
"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."
I live in a city. I study in the city.
→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.
→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.
→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.
task
1. 1 talked tobthe woman who was sitting next to me
2. I have class which begins at 8.00 am
3. the man called the police. this car was stolen
the man whose car was stolen called the police
4. The bilding whre he lives is very old
5. the woman whom I saw was mr silvy
There are two basic types of adjective clauses.
"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.
"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)
example :
"He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."
- "Among those whom I like or admire,
I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love,
I can: all of them make me laugh."
(W. H. Auden)
- "Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he
appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes,which hung about
his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
(John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)
- "Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited
behavior pattern."
(James Thurber)
- "The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live.
Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided
missiles and misguided men."
(Martin Luther King, Jr.)
- "The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax
money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should
print neatly."
(Dave Barry)
Exercise 38. Relative Clause Reduction
1.
George is the man chosen to represent the
committee at the convention.
2.
All of the money accepted has already been
released.
3.
The papers on the table belong to Patricia.
4.
The man brought to the police station confessed
to the crime.
5.
The girl drinking coffe, is Mary Allen.
6.
John’s wife, a professor, has written several
papers on this subject.
7.
The man talking to the policeman, is my uncle.
8.
The book
on the top shelf, is the one that I need.
9.
The number of students have been counted is
quite high.
10.
Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant
every day.
Exercise 37. Relative Clauses
1.
The last record which produced by this company
became a gold record.
2.
Checking accounts that require a minimum balance
are very common now.
3.
The professor whose you spoke yesterday is not
here today.
4.
John whose grades are the highest in the school,
has received a scholarship.
5.
Felipe bought a camera that has three lenses.
6.
Frank are who were nominated for the office of
treasurer.
7.
The doctor is with a patient whose leg was
broken in an accident.
8.
Jane is the woman who is going to China next
year.
9.
Janet wants a typewriter whose self-corrects.
10.
This book that I found last week, contains some
useful information.
11.
Mr. Bryant whose team has lost the game, looks
very sad.
12.
James wrote an article whose indicated that he
diskiled the president.
13.
The director of the program whose graduated from
Harvard University, is planning to retire next year.
14.
This is the book that I have been looking for
all year.
15.
William whose brother is a lawyer, wants to
become a judge.
