Ferdy Kurniawan

TUGAS 4 BAHASA INGGRIS BISNIS #2

Relative Clauses and Relative pronoun and theoris about adjective clauses

A relative clause is a phrase that modifies a noun or pronoun. It is also a  dependent or subordinate clause, meaning that it cannot stand on its own as a sentence. This handout explains the rules for using relative clauses and provides examples of correct use of relative clauses.Positioning the Relative Clause Put the relative clause directly behind the noun it modifies.

Original The theory will be implemented that is most supportive of my work for the final project. Revised The theory that is most supportive of my work will be implemented for the final project.

• First, it will contain a subject and verb.

• Next, it will begin with a relative pronoun [who, whom, whose, that, or which] or arelative adverb [when, where, or why].

• Finally, it will function as an adjective, answering the questions What kind? How many?or Which one?

I bought a new car. It is very fast.
→ I bought a new car that is very fast.
She lives in New York. She likes living in New York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.

Defining and Non-defining

A defining relative clause tells which noun we are talking about:

A non-defining relative clause gives us extra information about something. We don’t need this information to understand the sentence.

Punctuate a relative clause correctly.

Punctuating relative clauses can be tricky. For each sentence, you will have to decide if the relative clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.

The children who skateboard in the street are especially noisy in the early evening.

Children is nonspecific. To know which ones we are talking about, we must have the information in the relative clause. Thus, the relative clause is essential and requires no commas. 

Matthew and his sister Loretta, who skateboard in the street, are especially noisy in the early evening.

Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject: 

More examples (clause after the subject of the sentence):

Try an exercise where the relative pronoun is the subject here

(clause after the subject) 

Non-defining relative clauses:

We don’t use ‘that’ in non-defining relative clauses, so we need to use ‘which’ if the pronoun refers to a thing, and ‘who’ if it refers to a person. We can’t drop the relative pronoun in this kind of clause, even if the relative pronoun is the subject of the clause. 

(clause comes after the object)

Prepositions and relative clauses

If the verb in the relative clause needs a preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:

The music is good. Julie listens to the music.

My brother met a woman. I used to work with the woman.

The country is very hot. He went to the country.

I visited the city. John comes from the city.

The job is well paid. She applied for the job.

Whose

‘Whose’ is always the subject of the relative clause and can’t be left out. It replaces a possessive. It can be used for people and things.

Where / when / why

We can sometimes use these question words instead of relative pronouns and prepositions.
I live in a city. I study in the city.

→ I live in the city where I study.
→ I live in the city that / which I study in.
→ I live in the city in which I study.
The bar in Barcelona is still there. I met my wife in that bar.

→ The bar in Barcelona where I met my wife is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona that / which I met my wife in is still there.
→ The bar in Barcelona in which I met my wife is still there.
The summer was long and hot. I graduated from university in the summer.

→ The summer when I graduated from university was long and hot.
→ The summer that / which I graduated from university in was long and hot.
→ The summer in which I graduated was long and hot.

task

1.  1 talked tobthe woman who was sitting  next to me
2. I have class which  begins at 8.00 am
3.  the man called  the police.  this car was stolen
     the man whose car was stolen called the police 
4.  The bilding whre he lives is very old
5. the woman whom I saw was mr silvy

There are two basic types of adjective clauses.

"The first type is the nonrestrictive or nonessential adjective clause. This clause simply gives extra information about the noun. In the sentence, 'My older brother's car, which he bought two years ago, has already needed many repairs,' the adjective clause, 'which he bought two years ago,' is nonrestrictive or nonessential. It provides extra information.

"The second type is the restrictive or essential adjective clause. It offers essential [information] and is needed to complete the sentence's thought. In the sentence, 'The room that you reserved for the meeting is not ready,' the adjective clause, 'that you reserved for the meeting,' is essential because it restricts which room."
(Jack Umstatter, Got Grammar? Wiley, 2007)


example :

         "He who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe is as good as dead."

• "Among those whom I like or admire, I can find no common denominator, but among those whom I love, I can: all of them make me laugh."
  (W. H. Auden)

• "Short, fat, and of a quiet disposition, he appeared to spend a lot of money on really bad clothes,which hung about his squat frame like skin on a shrunken toad."
  (John le Carré, Call for the Dead, 1961)

• "Love, which was once believed to contain the Answer, we now know to be nothing more than an inherited behavior pattern."
  (James Thurber)

• "The means by which we live have outdistanced the ends for which we live. Our scientific power has outrun our spiritual power. We have guided missiles and misguided men."
  (Martin Luther King, Jr.)

• "The IRS spends God knows how much of your tax money on these toll-free information hot lines staffed by IRS employees, whose idea of a dynamite tax tip is that you should print neatly."
  (Dave Barry)

Exercise 38. Relative Clause Reduction

1.       George is the man chosen to represent the committee at the convention.

2.       All of the money accepted has already been released.

3.       The papers on the table belong to Patricia.

4.       The man brought to the police station confessed to the crime.

5.       The girl drinking coffe, is Mary Allen.

6.       John’s wife, a professor, has written several papers on this subject.

7.       The man talking to the policeman, is my uncle.

8.        The book on the top shelf, is the one that I need.

9.       The number of students have been counted is quite high.

10.   Leo Evans, a doctor, eats in this restaurant every day.

Exercise 37. Relative Clauses

1.       The last record which produced by this company became a gold record.

2.       Checking accounts that require a minimum balance are very common now.

3.       The professor whose you spoke yesterday is not here today.

4.       John whose grades are the highest in the school, has received a scholarship.

5.       Felipe bought a camera that has three lenses.

6.       Frank are who were nominated for the office of treasurer.

7.       The doctor is with a patient whose leg was broken in an accident.

8.       Jane is the woman who is going to China next year.

9.       Janet wants a typewriter whose self-corrects.

10.   This book that I found last week, contains some useful information.

11.   Mr. Bryant whose team has lost the game, looks very sad.

12.   James wrote an article whose indicated that he diskiled the president.

13.   The director of the program whose graduated from Harvard University, is planning to retire next year.

14.   This is the book that I have been looking for all year.

15.   William whose brother is a lawyer, wants to become a judge.